After much hair-pulling and googling, it turns out that the 2010 version of Telerik was released before IE10 existed. With newer versions of Telerik it is of course IE10 compatible, but for older Telerik versions some things don't work.
I didn't want to go through the hassle of upgrading Telerik and risk breaking any assemblies, so I needed a quick hacky workaround. What I ended up finding was that you could "fix" this issue by forcing IE10 to load using IE9 Document Mode.
I loaded both a meta tag and a header to tell IE10 to emulate IE9. So far it works, altho it's not the best long-term solution.
// force IE10 to load like IE9
var isIe10 = Request.UserAgent.ToString().IndexOf("MSIE 10.0") > -1;
if (isIe10)
{
// add meta
HtmlMeta meta = new HtmlMeta();
meta.HttpEquiv = "X-UA-Compatible";
meta.Content = "IE=EmulateIE9";
// add header
Response.AddHeader("X-UA-Compatible", "IE=EmulateIE9");
}
else
{
}